Biogenic Synthesis of Pyrazole-Based Pharmacophores Using Onion Extract: A  Sustainable Strategy for Antibacterial Drug Development

Pravina Piste; Aftab Gadkari; Umesh Shelke; Kishor Gaikwad

Abstract

Biogenic Synthesis of Pyrazole-Based Pharmacophores Using Onion Extract: A Sustainable Strategy for Antibacterial Drug Development

Author(s): Pravina Piste*, Aftab Gadkari, Umesh Shelke and Kishor Gaikwad

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to develop an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for the synthesis of substituted pyrazole derivatives using Allium cepa (onion) juice as a natural, green catalyst. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.

Methods: Fresh onion juice was extracted and used as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of various substituted pyrazole derivatives via condensation reactions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Antibacterial screening was performed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) bacteria. In silico studies, including molecular docking and ADME predictions, were also carried out to evaluate potential biological interactions and drug-likeness.

Results: All synthesized compounds were obtained in good yields with high purity. Antibacterial studies revealed that certain pyrazole derivatives exhibited significant activity, particularly against Gram- positive strains. Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that electron donating substituents enhanced antibacterial potency. Molecular docking confirmed good binding affinities with target bacterial enzymes, while ADME predictions indicated acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that Allium cepa juice is an effective green catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active pyrazole derivatives. These compounds show promising antibacterial activity and favourable in silico drug-likeness, suggesting their potential as lead molecules for further pharmaceutical development.

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