A Study on In-Silico Supported Nephroprotective Action of Coccinia Species

Received: 10-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. DPC-23-122443; Editor assigned: 13-Dec-2023, Pre QC No. DPC-23-122443; Reviewed: 29-Dec-2023, QC No. DPC-23-122443; Revised: 21-Feb-2025, Manuscript No. DPC-23-122443; Published: 28-Feb-2025, DOI: 10.4172/0975-413X.17.2.626-637

Introduction

The new year brings worldwide interest in the research and use of traditional medicine. Therefore, governments are trying to cooperate to identify and use effective and efficient medicines in national health systems. Since ancient times, people have studied nature, especially plant, to find new medicines, which has led to the use of traditional medicine, many species of plants effective in treating various diseases. In India, about 95% of traditional medicine is like this. Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Sadhana are herbs. Plants produce primary and secondary metabolites with different functions. Coccinia is a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family. It is in Central Africa, Asia and India. It is a perennial climbing plant that can be propagated vegetative from seeds. Seeds can be an excellent source of oil and protein that can meet the needs of the market and the consumer. The stalks are either perennially thin climbers or herbaceous climbers, and occasionally, adventitious roots sprout along ground. Branches are long, taut and flexible and can wrap around the entire length of the host. Its leaves are arranged together, its flowers are large, star shaped, white, and its fruit is dark red (Figure 1). The leaves and fruits that were used in foods [1-5].

Figure 1: Coccinia grandis A) Leaf B) Flower C) Fruit.

Coccinia grandis (ivy gourd) is rarely grown as a garden vegetable in tropical and subtropical climates worldwide. Its homeland is thought to be Central Africa, India and Asia. Its long history of human use, cultivation, and transportation obscures its origins. It is a plant species that grows in Southeast Asia. Urolithiasis is the formation of calculi, or condition associated with urinary calculi. The term calculi are synonymous with uroliths, stones, or crystals. These calculi are formed by deposits of polycrystalline aggregates composed of varied amount of crystalloid and organic matrix. Common components of calculi include calcium oxalate (pure), calcium oxalate in combination with as part ate, uric acid (pure), calcium oxalate in combination with uric acid, calcium oxalate dihydrate in combination calcium phosphate. In this present study three plants are selected for the anti urolithiasis study [6-9].

Nephrotoxicity is caused by regular intake of certain drugs. In this case, the kidneys will not be able to clear excess urine and waste products. The kidney is an important organ that helps the body eliminates waste and toxins. Kidney failure is a disease in which harmful metabolites are present in the body and causes serious consequences such as liver enlargement, edema and ascites. The glomerular filtration rate is about 125 ml/minute and the blood flow to the kidney is about 625 ml/minute. As a result, the kidneys receive around four times as much blood as other organs. The glomerular filtration in the nephron's Bowman capsule filters at a rate of around 125 milliliters per minute, therefore the kidney filters approximately 180 L of blood every day [10].

Materials and Method

The whole plant of Coccinia Grandis was collected in the month of Jan 2023 from Bhalwani, Pandharpur, Dist Solapur, India. The plant material was authenticated at Padabhushan Vasantrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Kavathemahankal, Dist-Sangli [11-15].

Extraction

About 2 kg of shade dried plant leaves of Coccinia grandis extracted in soxhlet successively extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Each extract was evaporated by using rotary vacuum evaporator. The extract obtained with each solvent was weighed and the percentage yield was calculated in terms of dried weight of the plant leaves. The consistency and colour of the extract were noted. All the solvents used for this work were of analytical grade (Table 1). The n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts of the leaf powder of Coccinia grandis stamineus were subjected to qualitative chemical analysis [16].

Table 1: The percentage yield of successive extracts of the leaves of Coccinia grandis.

Results

Qualitative chemical examination of plant-based constituents in Coccinia grandis leaf extracts as shown in Table 2 [17].

Table 2: Phytochemical screening of Coccinia grandis.

Qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis of Coccinia grandis was performed initially with different chemical reagents to detect the nature of phytoconstituents and their presence in each extract (Table 3 and Figure 2).

Thin-layer chromatography

Table 3: The TLC studies of methanol extracts of Coccinia grandis.

Figure 2: TLC of isolated compound.

Column chromatography

The Figure 3 show the column chromatography of a) Chloroform b) Methanol c) n-Hexane extract.

Figure 3: Column chromatography of a) Chloroform b) Methanol c) n-Hexane extract.

• Adsorbent: Silica for column chromatography activated at 110°c for 1 hour
• Length of column: 40 cm
• Length of adsorbent: 25 cm

UV spectrum: Fraction in pet methanol

The UV spectrum show in Figure 4.

Figure 4: The UV spectrum showed characteristic bands of fraction in methanol at λ= 352.

The UV spectra of isolated cextract from Coccinia grandis was performed using methanol. The UV spectrum showed characteristic bands of fraction in methanol at λ=321,352,413 The UV spectra of standard showed one characteristic peak at λ= 352 (Figure 5 and Table 4).

FTIR of Coccinia grandis extract

Figure 5: FTIR Spectrum of Coccinia grandis extract.

Table 4: FTIR Spectrum analysis.

In-Vitro nephroprotective assay

NRK 52 E Cell line (Normal Kidney Cell Line)

The result show in Table 5 and Figures 6-8.

Table 5: EffectofcompoundagainstNRK52ECellline.

Figure 6: Graphical representation of anti-nephroprotective Standard.

Figure 7: Graphical representation of anti- nephroprotective methanolic extract of Coccinia grandi.

Figure 8: NRK S2E cell line nephroprotective activity.

At the different Concentrations Sample Code CG1 shows low percent of inhibition andagainst NRK 52E (Kidney Cells) cell line versus a typical medication 5FU. On basis of percent of viability wecan conclude that the sample CG1 may not harm the normal kidney cell lines and it may protect the kidney from the harm organ damages [18].

In-silico study

Investigation of protein 1V97 is done by using PDB sum software with the help of Ramchandran plot procheck analysis. According to Ramchandran plot statistics for 1V97 protein the most favoured regions is 88.7%, additional allowed region is 10.3% generally allowed region is 0.6% and disallowed region is 0.4% which are shown in Figures 9 and 10 [19].

Figure 9: Ramchandran plot of 1V97.

Figure 10: Cavity detection of protein 1V9.

All data obtained from molecular docking of both proteins with ligands are depicted in Tables 6-9 and Figures 11-15 [20].

Table 6: Lipinski properties of bioactive compounds from C. grandis leaves.

Table 7: ADME properties of various bioactive compounds.

Table 8: Moleculardocknig result examination of bioactive substances of coccinia grandis against the protein 1UZE.

Table 9: Drug likeliness propertiesof isolated ligand from coccinia grandi.

Figure 11: C.2D and 3D interactions of cucurbitacin B against receptor 1V97.

Figure 12: E.2D and 3D interactions of Kaempferol against receptor 1V97.

Figure 13: G. 2D and 3D interactions of ferulic acidagainst receptor 1V97.

Figure 14: I.2D and 3D interactions of qurcetine against receptor 1V9.

Figure 15: M. 2D and 3D interactions of Thiamine against receptor 1V97.

Conclusion

Several polarity phytoconstituents were extracted using a soxhlet device and solvents such as nhexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol in order to perform a phytochemical analysis on the leaf powder of Coccinea grandees. An occurrence in Saponins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phytosterol was demonstrated by the methanolic extract. The UV spectra of isolated extract from Coccinia grandiswas performed using methanol. The UV spectrum showed characteristic bands of fraction in methanol at λ=321,352,413The UV spectra of standard showed one characteristic peak at λ=352. The FTIR analysis of Coccinia grandis gave broad peak at 2952.75cm^-1 which indicated the presence of phenolic O-H stretching. It showed strong peaks at2921.35cm^-1 which indicated the presence of alkanes whereas the peaks at1493.22 and 1378.31cm^-1 attributed to existence of the aromatic ring's C–C stretching and the C–O stretch, respectively. In-vitro antinephroprotective like different Concentrations Sample Code CG1 shows low percent of inhibition and against NRK 52E (Kidney Cells) cell line versus a typical medication 5FU. On basis of percent of viability wecan conclude that the sample CG1 may not harm the normal kidney cell lines and it may protect the kidney from the harm organ damages. In-silico analysis for chemical components of leaf extracts of C. grandis was done Using molecular docking, it was revealed how important drug design is for creating new medications that block targets. Most of biomolecules from C. grandisleaves were shows better docking results against the active sites of the selected receptor 1V97. Binding energy, hydrogen bond interactions and Vander Waal’s interactions for the enzymes are listed in Tables. As the binding energy lowers, binding efficiency will increase. Similarly, as the number of as the number of hydrogen bonds between the ligand and enzyme rises, so does the binding's strength.

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