Corrosion Behaviour of Ni-Ti Alloy and SS 18/8 Alloy in Artificial Saliva in the Presence of Ferikind Tablet

Anandan A¹, Rajendran S^2*, Sathiyabama J³, Sathiyaraj D¹ and Abdulhameed Al-Hashem⁴

¹SKV Higher Secondary School, Kandampalayam-637201, Tamil Nadu, India

²Corrosion Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, St Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Dindigul–624005, Tamil Nadu, India

³PG and Research Department of Chemistry, GTN Arts College, Dindigul–624005, Tamil Nadu, India

⁴Petroleum Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

*Corresponding Author:

Rajendran S
Corrosion Research Centre
Department of Chemistry
St Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women
Dindigul–624005, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

The purpose of present study two types of orthodontic braces were investigated namely Ni-Ti Super Elastic Shape Memory alloy (Ni-Ti SESM alloy) and SS 18/8 alloy the corrosion behavior of orthodontic braces in the artificial saliva (AS solution) in the absence of tablet and presence of tablet Ferikind by using Potentiodynamic Polarization method and AC Impedance spectra techniques. Potentiodynamic Polarization study to determine cathodic or anodic reaction, corrosion current, linear polarization resistance and AC Impedance spectra techniques double layer capacitances, charge transfer resistances, impedance values calculated. It observed from the studies corrosion resistance of Ni-Ti SESM alloy increases in presence of tablet Ferikind and confirmed the protective layer formed on the Ni-Ti SESM alloy surface. The date showed that people implies with orthodontic braces made of Ni-Ti SESM alloy without hesitation to take Ferikind tablet. But corrosion resistance SS 18/8 alloy decreases in the presence of Ferikind and that people should avoid this tablet.

Keywords

Ferikind, Orthodontic wires, Artificial saliva, Polarization study, AC Impedance

Introduction

Various metal alloys have been used for manufacture of dental implants. These dental implants may undergo corrosion caused by the food items, temperatures, pH and bacteria [1]. Ni-Ti based shape memory alloys have been widely used due to its biocompatibility and ductility [2]. The influences of different concentration of eugenol on corrosion resistance for titanium alloy in saliva solution have investigated by Latifa kinani [3]. Impact of modified acidic soft drink on enamel erosion was evaluated by T. Attin et al. [4]. Corrosion of two gold alloys and pure titanium wire in saliva solution for two month [5]. The pure titanium metal was recently introduced as alternative material for metallic brackets for its low allergenicity, more corrosion resistance [6] Nickel- free alloys or stainless steel alloys with reduced amount of nickel have been tested in the artificial saliva with various acidities [7].

Human saliva which plays a significant role in oral mouth [8] the corrosion rate of orthodontic wires bases on nickel-titanium alloy in artificial saliva investigated decreases in following order: N Ni-Ti > Ni-Ti > Rh Ni-Ti by V. Katic [9]. Influence of desulfotomaculum nigrificans sulfate reducing bacteria on corrosion process of commonly used metallic biomaterials for dental applications [10] comparative study of chemical properties and nickel releases of stainless steel and nickel titanium wires [11]. Motojima et al., investigated corrosion and abrasion resistances of TiN coated stainless steel in sea water, whirled of sea sand [12]. Corrosion behaviour of SS 18/8 alloy and SS 316L alloy with toothpaste vicco [13]. The present study evaluates the corrosion behavior of two orthodontic alloys with artificial saliva (AS solution) in presence and absence of Ferikind tablet by potentiodynamic polarization method and AC impedance techniques used (Table 1).

Table 1: Compositions of Tablet-D

Material and Methods

Composition of Artificial saliva (AS) solution

Polarization techniques

Polarization study was carried out using CHI- electrochemical work station/impedance analyzer 660 A. This analyzer was provided with iR compensation facility. It consist of three electrode cell system were used in Figure 1. The Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS 18/8 alloy using working electrode. SCE, Platinum were used for reference electrode and counter electrode respectively. The polarisation method, corrosion measurements like E_corr (potential), I_corr (current), Tafel slopes anodic reaction (b_a) and cathodic reaction (b_c), LPR (resistance) were calculated.

Figure 1: Three electrode cell system

AC impedance spectra measurements

The impedance CHI-660A electrochemical analyzer system was using to measured impedance parameters like R_ct (charge transfer resistance), Impedance and C_dl (double layer capacitance). The impedance set up was same for polarization techniques. The impedance values of Z’ (real part) and Z” (imaginary part) was measured in different frequencies (ohms).

Results and Discussion

Influence of Tablet-D on corrosion behavior of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS18/8 alloy with Artificial Saliva (AS solution)

Analysis of potentiodynamic polarization methods

The polarization methods used to confirm the protective film formed on metal alloy surface during corrosion process [14-17]. If the protective layer is formed on the metal alloy surface, increase in LPR (resistance) and decrease in I_corr (current). The polarization curves of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in the absence of tablet and presence of Tablet-D from polarization methods is shown Figure 2 and Table 2.

Figure 2: Polarization curves of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in the absence of tablet and presence of Tablet-D (300ppm)

Table 2: Polarization parameters of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in the absence tablet and presence of Tablet-D (300ppm)

Ni-Ti SESM alloy immersed in Artificial Saliva, the E_corr shifted from -521 mV vs SCE to -474 mV vs SCE in Tablet-D Figure 2(i). It indicates the anodic reaction (b_a) is controlled. The Tablet-D contains Elemental iron which has been adsorbed on metal alloy surface of the anodic sites. Similarly SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution the E_corr shifted from -373 mV vs SCE to -376 mV vs SCE in presence of Tablet-D Figure 2(ii). It indicates the cathodic reaction (b_c) is controlled. Both metal alloys the E_corr shift in values is low. Hence that systems function as (cathodic and anodic reaction) mixed type of corrosion inhibitors.

The polarization methods used to confirm the protective film formed on metal alloy surface. The protective film is formed on metal alloy surface, the LPR value from 419028 ohmcm² to 574015 ohmcm² increases and the I_corr values from 11.68 x 10^-8 A/cm² to 8.322 x 10^-8 A/cm² decreases Table 2. It observed from the corrosion parameters conclusion in presence of Tablet-D corrosion resistance of Ni-Ti SESM alloy increases and that people have orthodontic braces made of Ni-Ti SESM alloy without hesitation to take Tablet-D. But the LPR value decreases from 3352584 ohmcm² to 1435500 ohmcm² and the I_corr increases from 1.561 x 10^-8 A/cm² to 3.154 x 10^-8 A/cm² Table 2. These parameters indicate in presence of Tablet-D corrosion resistances of SS 18/8 alloy decreases and that people have orthodontic braces made of SS 18/8 alloy should avoid the Tablet-D.

Analysis of AC impedance methods

Electro chemical impedance spectra used to confirm the protective layer on metal alloys surface [18-20]. If a protective layer formed on the metal alloy surface, increase in R_ct (charge transfer resistance), Impedance and decrease C_dl (double layer capacitance). The impedance spectra of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS18/8 alloy with AS solution in absence tablet and presence of Tablet-D is shown Figures 3-5 & Table 3.

Figure 3: Impedance spectra of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in the absence tablet and presence of Tablet-D (Nyquist Plots)

Figure 4: Impedance spectra of Ni-Ti SESM alloy with AS solution in the absence tablet and presence of Tablet-D (Bode Plots)

Figure 5: Impedance spectra of SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in absence tablet and presence of Tablet-D (Bode Plots)

Table 3: Impedance parameters of Ni-Ti SESM alloy and SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in the absence tablet and presence of Tablet-D (300ppm)

AC impedance spectra of Ni-Ti SESM alloy with AS solution in presence of Tablet-D the R_ct increases from 7281 ohm cm² to 8540 ohm cm² and the C_dl value decreases from 7.004 x 10^-10 F/cm² to 5.971 x 10^-10 F/cm². The AC impedance value increases from 4.167 to 4.170 Table 3 and Figure 3(i), 4(i); the impedance spectra suggest that protective layer is formed on Ni-Ti SESM alloy surface in Tablet-D and corrosion resistance increases. That people have implanted with orthodontic braces made of Ni-Ti SESM alloy without hesitation to take Tablet-D. The elemental irons of the Tablet-D have not corroded orthodontic braces made of Ni-Ti SESM alloy. But impedance spectra of SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution in Tablet-D the R_ct decreases from 44851 ohm cm² to 18410 ohmcm² and the C_dl value increases from 1.137 x 10^-10 F/cm² to 2.77 x 10^-10 F/cm². The impedance parameters decreases from 4.634 to 4.508 as shown in Table 3 and Figure 3(ii), 4(ii); these parameters indicates the protective layer formed on metal alloy surface is not stable. It is broken by ingredients of the Tablet-D and the corrosion resistances decreases. Hence impedance spectra suggest that people have orthodontic braces made of SS 18/8 alloy avoid the Tablet-D (Figure 5(i) and 5(ii)).

Conclusion

Polarisation parameters show the Ferikind tablet act as mixed type of corrosion inhibitor. Impedance spectra suggest that protective layer is formed on Ni-Ti SESM alloy surface and corrosion resistance increases. That people have implanted with orthodontic braces made of Ni-Ti SESM alloy without hesitation to take Ferikind tablet. But corrosion resistance of SS 18/8 alloy with AS solution decreases and that people have orthodontic braces made of SS 18/8 alloy avoid the Ferikind tablet.

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